The Beloved

A red-haired bride lifts her veil, surrounded by attendants and a page holding a vase. Rossetti began her as Dante's Beatrice and ended with the bride of the Song of Solomon.

The story behind the painting

The painting was commissioned in 1863 by Rossetti's regular patron, the Birkenhead banker George Rae. The composition was already broadly set, but the subject was meant to be Dante's Beatrice. After a month or two in the summer of 1863 Rossetti switched to the Song of Solomon, apparently because the complexion of his model, Marie Ford, was too bright for his idea of Beatrice. Work went slowly. In November 1864 he visited Edouard Manet's studio in Paris, where he may have seen Olympia in progress. He signed the canvas 1865-6, and it was first shown for a single day at the Arundel Club on 21 February 1866.

What to look for

The bride, caught as she moves back her veil, is surrounded by four bridesmaids and an African page. His dark skin contrasts with her red hair and pale skin, and with the varied hair and skin tones of the bridesmaids, a contrast carefully painted as a frame around her face. In March 1865 Rossetti painted a Japanese dress over the main figure and replaced a girl in the page's role with a boy, preferring his darker skin. The critic F. G. Stephens praised the colour but noted the page's hands looked unnatural on the vase, and that his necklace does not lie flat but turns to show its pattern.

Meaning and intent

The picture fits Rossetti's series of bust-length oil paintings of beautiful women, his main output from 1859 to about 1867, a deliberate turn towards flesh painting and colour after the dense narrative scenes of his Pre-Raphaelite years. Unlike those single tightly framed figures, this one is a group. It is generally agreed that he set out to show a range of skin colours, but how the figures are identified and interpreted varies greatly. Scholars suggest debts to Manet's Olympia, where a white nude contrasts with a black maid, and to Titian, especially his Allegory of Marriage in the Louvre.

Legacy

Stephens described the painting in the Athenaeum on 21 October 1865, but he and Rossetti were close, and Rossetti probably saw the text first; Stephens sometimes let him write such pieces himself. In 1873 Rossetti took the canvas back and altered it considerably, changing the tone and making the heads of the bride and the woman to her right, and the bride's hands, more ideal. A photograph of the earlier state survives. The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica biography, by Stephens and Theodore Watts-Dunton, praised its brilliance and splendour of lighting. The painting is now in Tate Britain, London.